O verão é um período chuvoso e a Vigilância Epidemiológica lembra que após a chuva, os caramujos africanos (que já se tornaram uma praga no Brasil) se proliferam, pois eles gostam de ambientes quentes, úmidos e com sombra. Os quintais das residências e os terrenos abandonados são lugares apropriados para a reprodução dos caramujos, por isso a importância de mantê-los sempre limpos e cuidados.
O caramujo africano é um molusco terrestre da espécie Achatina fulica, originário do nordeste da África trazido para o Brasil na década de 80. Está classificado entre as cem piores espécies exóticas invasoras de ocorrência mundial, pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza – IUCN apresenta excelente capacidade de adaptação e dispersão, uma vez que tem hábito alimentar herbívoro generalista, grande resistência a alterações ambientais e alto potencial reprodutivo.
O caramujo africano é hermafrodita, tem alta capacidade de proliferação e não apresentam predador natural, facilitando a sua multiplicação de forma descontrolada.
Podem realizar até quatro posturas anuais, com 160 a 400 ovos, por postura. Os ovos são facilmente reconhecidos, tem cinco milímetros de diâmetro, forma arredondada e casca calcária amarelada. Sendo encontrados em grande número, principalmente semi enterrados no solo. O caramujo africano é hospedeiro intermediário de duas espécies de vermes do gênero Angiostrongylus, podendo transmitir, através da ingestão do molusco cru ou de ingestão acidental da sua secreção, a angiostrongilíase abdominal e a angiostrongilíase meningoencefálica .
Quais as Medidas de Controle do Caramujo Africano e como prevenir as doenças?
O caramujo deve ser identificado a fim de não colocar em risco os caramujos nativos (existem espécies brasileiras que podem ser confundidas). A identificação do caramujo africano é feita através da borda da concha. No caramujo africano, a borda da concha apresenta-se cortante e afiada. As espécies nativas apresentam a borda da concha espessa e não cortante.
Que cuidados a população deve tomar?
A principal providência a ser tomada é o controle pela catação. O uso de pesticidas não é recomendado em função da alta toxicidade dessas substâncias. A melhor opção é a catação manual com as mãos protegidas com luvas ou sacos plásticos. Este procedimento pode ser realizado nas primeiras horas da manhã ou à noitinha, horários em que os caramujos estão mais ativos e é possível coletar a maior quantidade de exemplares. Durante o dia, eles se escondem para se proteger do sol.
Como eliminar os caramujos depois da catação?
- Queima e maceração das conchas
Colete os exemplares encontrados colocando-os em um recipiente de metal ou de barro queimá-los de forma controlada com fogo persistente. Posteriormente, depois de frio, quebrar as conchas e enterrar no solo de forma a não servirem de criadouros para mosquitos principalmente o Aedes aegypti, transmissor da Dengue.
- Disposição para coleta de lixo domiciliar
Em um balde, diluir uma colher de água sanitária em um litro de água. Esta diluição deve ser proporcional à quantidade de caramujos africanos coletados. Reservar;
- Com uma tesoura ou faca, fazer pequenos furos em uma sacola plástica.
- Coletar os caramujos com as mãos protegidas, colocando-os na sacola com furos;
- Fechar a sacola com um nó em sua extremidade;
- Colocar esta sacola no balde reservado com a mistura de hipoclorito de sódio (água sanitária);
- Manter os caramujos imersos por 24 horas;
- Retirar a sacola do balde, escorrendo a água por completo;
- Colocar a sacola em outra, sem furos, fechando-a com um nó em sua extremidade;
- Dispensar a sacola para a coleta de lixo domiciliar;
- Dispensar a água utilizada na rede de esgoto sanitário.
- O que não devo fazer?
Evitar usar sal para controlar os caramujos, para impedir a salinização do solo, pois o sal o torna infértil e especialmente porque apesar de matar o caramujo, não mata os ovos que possam estar em seu interior.
Utilizar venenos ou moluscicidas, por esses não serem espécie-específicos, colocam em risco os moluscos nativos. Essas substâncias podem ser muito tóxicas e não seguras, podendo ocasionar intoxicação humana e morte acidental de outros animais, inclusive os domésticos.
- Como higienizar verduras, frutas e legumes consumidos crus?
Lave bem esses alimentos em água corrente e deixe-os de molho por 30 minutos em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% (1 colher de sopa de água sanitária diluída em 1 litro de água filtrada). Com esses procedimentos é possível evitar, além de outros parasitas, a infecção por larvas de Angiostrongylus sp.
É importante salientar que a população tem um papel crucial no combate e controle do caramujo africano, seja na coleta e combate da espécie ou na limpeza e conservação de terrenos ocupados ou baldios.
Em caso de infestações, a população pode entrar em contato com o setor de Controle de Vetores, na Secretaria de Saúde, situada à Rua Benedito Marcondes de Moura Sobrinho, 38, Centro ou pelo telefone: 3159 3300.
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